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(Excerpt from Milk Necessary for the Nation's Welfare We ...)
Excerpt from Milk Necessary for the Nation's Welfare We are learning that the individual members of this important class of food substances differ among themselves in nutritive value. A pound of protein from cornmeal or wheat flour is not equal to a pound of protein from milk or cheddar cheese or cot tage cheese or any kind of cheese in meeting growth needs. This is probably the most Important fact in a practical sense that farmers and the American public will have to recognize in the future. The building units from the proteins of our cereal grains are not so well suited as those from milk for rapid build-2 ing Of the protein structure of animals. It is particularly in this direction that nature did so well when through the mammary gland she constructed from the blood stream and thus indirectly from certain parts of poor proteins of the food, the proteins for the nutrition of the young. If the cereal grain proteins are used as the sole source of pro tein for the growing animal they will Show an efficiency of less than 30 per cent, while the proteins from milk will reach an efficiency of 65 per cent. In other words, while only 30 per cent Of a pound of proteins from the corn kernel would be stored away, 65 per cent of a pound from milk would be stored by the growing animal. In storing the 30 per cent of proteins from the cereal grains 70 per cent will be wasted, because it does not fit well into the growing structure of the young; but only 35 per cent of the milk proteins will be wasted. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Sulphur Requirements of Farm Crops in Relati...)
Excerpt from Sulphur Requirements of Farm Crops in Relation to the Soil and Air Supply For the purpose of our Work a large number of total sulphur determinations have been made on our common farm products. For this work the peroxide method, as outlined by Osborne8 has been used. The modification of this method, as given in the Official Methods of the Association of Agricultural Chemists,9 was used for duplicate determinations in a number of cases. Since these determinations were in no closer agreement than duplicates by the Osborne method, the latter was preferred. The addition of sodium carbonate in the official method makes the oxidation slower, the fusion harder to remove from the crucible and, unless care is taken to have the sample well moistened, flashing and burning are very liable to occur when the peroxide is added. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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biochemist nutritionist scientist
Edwin Bret Hart was born on December 25, 1874 in Sandusky, Ohio, United States. He was the youngest of fourteen children of William Hart and Mary Hess. After his mother's early death he was raised by his older brothers and sisters on the family farm outside Sandusky.
At Sandusky High School Hart became interested in science through the stimulus of a physics and biology teacher, E. L. Moseley. After he graduated in 1892, he attended the University of Michigan, studying both general chemistry and medicine. He graduated in 1897 with a Bachelor of Science degree.
In 1897 Hart became a research worker at the New York State Experiment Station in Geneva. In 1900 he interrupted his stay in Geneva to study biochemistry with Albrecht Kossel at the University of Marburg. When Kossel moved to the University of Heidelberg the next year, Hart accompanied him there although the loss of credits in the transfer prevented him from earning the doctorate before he returned to his post in Geneva in 1902.
Working with agricultural chemist Lucius L. Van Slyke, Hart spent the next few years concentrating on the chemistry of dairy production, including study of the chemical changes in the manufacture of cheese, and on the nature and quantity of casein (a protein) in milk. As a result of his work with Kossel on proteins, Hart also investigated the proteolytic enzymes of milk, and the enzymes involved in curdling in cheese production. By 1905 Hart's many publications brought him to the attention of the University of Wisconsin, where the department of agricultural chemistry was a mainstay in the state's dairy industry.
In 1906 Hart succeeded Stephen M. Babcock as head of the department of agricultural chemistry and as chemist at the university's experimental station; he retained the chairmanship until his retirement in 1944, guiding the department through an ever-expanding and innovative research program.
Hart's research was primarily concerned with the role of minerals in the general nutrition of animals, and the role of vitamins and other organic nutrients in animal metabolism. The focus of his work in both areas was nutrition, which was coming under controlled scientific investigation for the first time in the early twentieth century.
Between 1923 and 1928 Hart, in conjunction with biochemists Conrad A. Elvehjem and Harry Steenbock, showed that inorganic iron cannot be used in hemoglobin synthesis (iron is normally incorporated into hemoglobin's porphyrin ring) unless accompanied by small quantities of copper. This discovery led to a better understanding of anemia and its prevention in farm animals and man.
Hart's work on copper precipitated studies of other so-called trace elements in animal nutrition, including manganese, zinc, cobalt, and boron. Hart also found, while working under a grant from the Ruhm Phosphate and Chemical Company of Mt. Pleasant, Tennessee, that fluorine has a toxic effect on farm animals. The company had been promoting the use of rock phosphate as a source of calcium and phosphorus in animal feed, but complaints had been lodged about adverse effects on animals. Hart determined that when rock phosphate was fed at high enough levels to provide adequate calcium and phosphate, it also provided toxic levels of fluorine; he convinced the company to modify its procedures so as to eliminate most of the fluorine, following his conviction that the research scientist's role was to convince industry of the importance of determining true facts and gearing industrial processes to scientific findings. In his research on vitamins, Hart furthered the work of his predecessor, Babcock, on raising cattle with restricted rations. Using extracts from single plant sources, Hart demonstrated that animals were unable to thrive on extracts from either wheat or oats alone, and began to recognize the important role of vitamins in nutrition.
Between 1909 and the early 1920s, he and his colleagues went on to identify and elucidate the role of vitamins A and B in animal physiology. Hart also showed that irradiation of milk increased its vitamin D content and developed a quantitative method for determining the casein content of milk. He emphasized that, nutritionally speaking, milk price should be determined by its protein rather than its butterfat content. He further pioneered in investigating the use of urea as a nitrogen source for cattle.
Edwin Bret Hart was far ahead of his time in his concern for establishing a rational approach to nutrition, and his contribution to the history of modern biology lies considerably deeper than the specific discoveries in which he took part. He emphasized a collaborative approach to scientific research; most of his laboratory research and virtually all of his papers were completed cooperatively. He was instrumental in elucidating the role of iodine in preventing and controlling simple goiter in animals and human beings. He was a pioneer in demonstrating the importance of inorganic (non-bound) phosphorus in animals. His research into anemia in farm animals resulted in fundamental contributions to the biochemistry of iron and copper metabolism in the mammalian body; his studies in phosphate nutrition established the foundations for understanding the nature and importance of phosphorylation; his studies of animal diets provided further knowledge of the occurrence and role of vitamins in general physiology. Hart was also instrumental in elucidating the role of iodine in preventing and controlling simple goiter in animals and human beings and, with the physiological chemist Elmer V. McCollum, was a pioneer in demonstrating the importance of inorganic (non-bound) phosphorus in animals. This latter work was especially important in the history of biochemistry because it led to recognition of the role of phosphorylated compounds in metabolism. The Institute of Food Technologists would later rename the Stephen M. Babcock Award (created in 1948) the Babcock-Hart Award in honor of both men's work in improving public health through better nutrition.
(Excerpt from Sulphur Requirements of Farm Crops in Relati...)
(Excerpt from Milk Necessary for the Nation's Welfare We ...)
( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
(This book an EXACT reproduction of the original book publ...)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
Hart was a strong believer in fostering a workable relationship between practical and "pure" research. Many of his own research topics came from problems in the dairy or agricultural industries, yet he always geared his research to go beyond solutions to immediate problems. Another important aspect of Hart's work was his emphasis on simple, quantitative, and testable hypotheses. At a time when American biology was heavily dominated by naturalists and morphologists, Hart emphasized exact, quantitative methods as the best approach for solving scientific problems.
Hart was a member of numerous scientific societies and organizations, the most important of which was the National Academy of Sciences (United States), to which he was elected in 1944.
In 1903 Hart married Ann Virginia De Mille; they had one daughter.
For many summers the Hart family proceeded to the tip of Door County in Wisconsin where they had a cottage on Green Bay just outside the village of Ellison Bay. There were
few conveniences in the cottage and during the summer they lived a primitive life.
Mrs. Hart died June 28, 1936, but Margaret, together with her husband, Professor Russell Larson, lived with him in the family home.
